NPM : 13209870
Kelas : 3Ea15
a. No.7 Active => The news Surprised me
Passive => I was Surprised by the news
b. No.8 Passive => These letters are going to be mailed by Lusi tomorrow
Active => Lusi is going to mail these letters
c. TIPS
DENTAL CARE TIPS
The prevention of dental decay begins with cutting down the amount of sugars taken in all forms. Most people think we refer only to sweets as the culprits. But there are other dangerous Dental decay (caries) and periodontal (gum) disease are among the most common diseases afflicting mankind, especially in the so-called advanced nations.
The higher the standard of living, the more likely it is for tooth loss to occur. As has been shown already, both dental caries and periodontal disease are the result of bacterial action, in the plaque, which collects on the teeth and gums. If it is possible to cleanse the mouth completely of the bacterial plaque and maintain it that way, there would be low incidence of tooth decay or any other gum problems.
Dental diseases are not considered to be lethal and therefore attitudes on the part of governments and public are of a different nature. However, the cost of dental disease in pain, suffering, treatment and loss of work is enormous. Measures to reduce or eliminate dental problems would result in a vast benefit to the population.
Dental Floss
Many dental health educators assert that even the most careful brushing does not remove all the harmful substances from the crevices between the teeth, areas where even the bristles cannot reach to reach such areas the use of dental floss is recommended which is nothing but a special kind of silk of nylon thread this floss is passed into the space between the teeth with a gentle to and fro sawing motion. The floss is then gently worked up and down the tooth into the gum crevices. The floss is purchased wound in a spooland is either waxed or unwaxed.The waxed floss is easier to handle. Using floss is not easy and children especially have difficulty with it. It takes a dedicated and tireless parent to floss the children’s teeth every day. It is far better to spend the effort on careful brushing.
Tips on using Floss
This is difficult. Your dentist must help you by seeing that you manipulate the floss correctly and safely. It is usually easier to handle the floss if a length of about twelve inches is tied in a circle. Do not be taken in by special gadgets, which promise to make flossing easier. None of these does anything except add problems. What must be done is to get the strand of floss between the teeth, then wrap it starting from the gum and ending at the biting surface. Do this sweeping motion tow or three times and then repeat with the adjoining tooth.
Diet and Dental Health
Sugar-containing foods as well
Some of them are:
1. All sugars (including honey)
2. Soft drinks such as colas and lemonades
3. Nearly all cereals
4. Cakes, biscuits and puddings.
5. Jam on your bread, marmalade on your toast.
6. Chocolates, sweets and toffees.
7. Peppermint sweets (they are the most dangerous because people believe the peppermint taste to be “medicinal”. These sweets are almost pure sugar).
As has been shown already, both dental caries and periodontal disease are the result of bacterial action, in the plaque, which collects on the teeth and gums.
A chocolate candy bar of about 50 grams may contain the equivalent of ten teaspoons of sugar! A slice of two-layer chocolate cake may be the equivalent of fifteen teaspoons of sugar!
These sugars are not an essential part of a normal diet. Hence reducing the total intake, will not only benefit the teeth, but also the general health. However, it is the frequency of sugar intake, more than the total consumption, which is important in influencing tooth decay. It was shown that the acid formed on the tooth in seconds from sugar might take twenty minutes or more to disappear from the mouth. Thus, small sugary snacks every two or three hours throughout the day will keep the teeth bathed in a dangerous acid state.
If Children must have sweets, they should have them only once a day (preferably during meal time). But it is better to recommend sugar-free snacks. A good list would contain:
Fruits: Apples, Oranges, Pears, Bananas
Vegetables: Carrots, Celery, Tomatoes, Lettuce, Cucumber, also Nuts, Crisps, Cheese (in cubes), Eggs, Milk, Yogurt.
In this way if we eliminate sugar, we reduce the formation of plaque by depriving the bacteria of the food, from which they form the acid.
The damage by erosion that, say, lemon juice can do to the enamel will have to be seen to be believed, So avoid frequent tooth contact with lemons, grapefruit, vinegar and other strongly acid substances.
The chemist’s shop may also be a source of danger to the teeth, many cough and throat sweets, lozenges, syrups, and elixirs are loaded with sugar, sometimes up to 50-60 percent. This is to make the product palatable.
Fissure Sealants
Decay frequently commences in the irregular fissures on the biting surfaces of the teeth, especially the molars. These fissures are difficult to clean thoroughly – a toothbrush bristle does not penetrate to the bottom of the fissure. Apart from cleaning the teeth and apply fluoride, some dentists believe that these fissures can and should be sealed off from bacterial infection by the application of special resins called PIT and FISSURE SEALANTS.
This resin like material is made to flow into the crevices of the biting surfaces where they are hardened by the chemical action or a special light. Usually at least the four first molars are so treated. This procedure does not give an excuse to avoid flouride application on all the teeth. Again in our view, fissure sealants are rarely necessary as a routine and add to the cost of prevention without a commensurate benefit. But your dentist must advise you. His results may be better than ours, and fissure sealants are being improved all the time.
Fluorides
A few dentists began using fluoride solutions as a preventive measure against dental decay over thirty years ago. This was by direct application, i.e. the regular painting of fluoride on the teeth of children from the age of two years. Since then the amount of the decay in such treated children has been negligible compared with other. But it can be a time-consuming procedure although inexpensive compared with the cost and discomfort of dental decay. The addition of minute quantities of fluoride to the water supply, to bring the concentration up to the level found naturally in some waters, has been shown to confer resistance to dental decay.
Studies of the action of drinking water containing one part of fluoride in a million parts of water have been carried out in many countries in the world. The conclusion was that fluoride at a level of 1 mg per litre has been drunk for generations by millions of people throughout their lives. Since fluoridation was introduced, millions more have been drinking water with fluoride at this level. Fluoride in water, added or naturally present, at a level of approximately 1 mg/litre over the years of tooth formation substantially reduces dental caries throughout life.
In the absence of water fluoridation your dentist or hygienist can put fluoride directly on your child’s teeth. This takes a few minutes and a strong recommendation is that it be applied at four-monthly intervals, i.e. three times a year.
Fluoride tablets and solutions can be obtained from your local chemist (see your dentist about prescribing the correct dosage) and these involve remembering to administer the correct amount daily, which may be a chore for some. But it is important to discuss all this with your dentist first. Some few complaints have been made about “allergic reaction” to the fluoride tablet-administration. Investigations have rarely shown any true allergic response and any temporary upset has usually been due to other causes.
Cleaning the Teeth
You cannot be taught to play tennis or golf by reading about them. You must be instructed, and you must practice. Similarly, you should learn the right way of brushing under the strict supervision of your dentist.
The tooth has five surfaces – front, back, the two sides and the chewing surface. Brush the top and bottom teeth separately. Most dentists agree that the bristle tips should be applied at 45 degrees to the gum area just above where the teeth emerge and should concentrate on the gum margins (where most people miss). The bristles are moved back and forth with a gentle circular scrubbing motion and short strokes. Do not forget the teeth right at the back of the mouth and also the inside surface of the teeth. Finally brush all the biting surfaces. It often takes three or four visits to teach someone to brush effectively!
Tips on Brushing
* Do not put too much toothpaste on the brush, it will foam up and make you want to spit and rinse too soon. Studies show that once people get to the spit and rinse stage they stop brushing even though some teeth have not been brushed.
* Do not wet your brush before applying the paste or before starting to brush. It alters the action of the bristles and prevents them removing plaque effectively.
Choosing a Toothbrush
Most of us hover over the shelves, picking up one brush then another. After some minutes we make a purchase, seemingly at random. When new patients are asked how they select a toothbrush, they usually say, “Oh, I choose any brush really, one that looks nice in its wrapper.” A toothbrush is an important factor in preventing dental disease, especially gum problems. Therefore the purchaser should be quite specific when going into the shop. The dentist will tell you which brush is suitable for you. Write it down and ask for it. Do not be fooled off with something else “almost the same” or try somewhere else!
Expensive brushes are usually not satisfactory. These are probably hand-made (as if that made them better) and have natural bristles (hog bristles) or sometimes-softer badger hair. None of these is satisfactory. Natural bristle was believed by many (dentists, too) to be better, but this is erroneous. Natural bristles have variable textures and the filaments are hollow and absorbent and rapidly become soggy and infected. Nylon can be made exactly to specification and, because of mass production methods; good brushes can be made much cheaper. As has been shown already, both dental caries and periodontal disease are the result of bacterial action, in the plaque, which collects on the teeth and gums. Brush heads should be small enough to reach all parts of the mouth and should have a flat brushing surface with a straight handle. The medium or medium soft nylon bristles (never hard) should be set close together – what is called multi-tufted. Brushes of any kind should not be expected to last very long and one should probably buy about four brushes per year. It is a sad fact that brush sales average about one brush per person per year with maximum sales during the summer holidays just before people go on vacation. Children need their brushes renewed more often as they tend to mishandle them. If an adult finds that brushes wear and splay out very quickly it is probably a sign that brushing is not being done correctly-probably force rather than care is being used. But some people are proud of wearing out their brushes: they feel they are doing a good scrubbing job!
Choosing Toothbrush Brush heads should be small enough to reach all parts of the mouth and should have a flat brushing surface with a straight handle. The medium or medium soft nylon bristles (never hard) should be set close together – what is called multi-tufted. Brushes of any kind should not be expected to last very long and one should probably buy about four brushes per year. It is a sad fact that brush sales average about one brush per person per year with maximum sales during the summer holidays just before people go on vacation. Children need their brushes renewed more often as they tend to mishandle them. If an adult finds that brushes wear and splay out very quickly it is probably a sign that brushing is not being done correctly-probably force rather than care is being used. But some people are proud of wearing out their brushes: they feel they are doing a good scrubbing job!
Automatic (electric) Toothbrushes
Many of the automatic toothbrushes produced a few years ago have now disappeared and they are no longer a great choice. The improved automatic brushes, which are still available, can be very effective:
1. For handicapped people, especially arthritics.
2. For those who cannot master the technique of conventional brushing.
3. For those in a hurry and perhaps for those who are lazy.
4. For children who will often use the automatic brush more readily because of its novelty.
Nearly all-automatic brushes have battery-driven motors and it is important to make sure that the battery is not in a run-down state, otherwise there will be too little torque (driving action) on the brush. Most of these brushes have rechargeable cells and they should be kept always at peak charge. People who can brush effectively with the usual brush will not need an automatic brush. It is still necessary to be taught how to use the latter; it will not go anywhere in the mouth unless it is directed. But the automatic brush does have the advantage of speed.
Choosing a Tooth Paste
The big manufactures of toothpaste spend a great deal of time, money and research facilities on the maintenance of high quality in their product. Their reputation, and a portion of their economic existence, depends on this. These companies have spent considerable amounts testing their toothpastes and some have gone to the trouble of obtaining medical product licenses.
Pointers to choice
Toothpaste should of course be of acceptable taste to you and preferably should contain a small amount of fluoride. This has been shown to reduce dental decay by a measurable amount. On the whole it is better to buy small tubes rather than the large “economy family size”. In this way the tendency for some pastes to harden in the tube will be avoided because the contents will be used quicker.
REFRENSI : http://www.smilecanada.ca/index.php?id=47&yams_lang=en
www.Gunadarma.ac.id
